![]() ![]() Quartz, the most common mineral on earth, is almost universally associated with shamans. Further, we propose that the Encinitas Tradition was a Hokan linguistic entity, eventually becoming proto-Yuman. We believe that an understanding of the regional variants of Encinitas will foster a better understanding of the geographic and temporal manifestations of the Millingstone phenomenon in southern Califor- nia, as well as the changes through space and time that ultimately resulted in the replacement of Millingstone adaptive strategies by strikingly new ones. The previously described Sayles Complex is recast as the last phase of the Greven Knoll Pattern (Greven Knoll III). For the northern inland expressions of the Encinitas Tradition, we propose a new pattern, Greven Knoll. W e provide a brief history of the Millingstone concept, reaffirm the merit of the Encinitas Tradition, and recommend a return to the use of taxonomic terms, herein called pattern and phase, to describe the internal variation of the Encinitas Tradition. More recently, the Millingstone archetype in southern California has been divided into the broad temporal categories of Early, Middle, and Late periods, or simply subsumed under the even broader temporal category of Middle Holocene. In 1968 the Encinitas Tradition was proposed as a replacement for the Millingstone Horizon in order to better understand it as a cultural tradition. Interior manifestations of the Millingstone Horizon were generally described using coastal terms or assigned either to the Sayles or Pauma complexes. Manifestations of this phenomenon have been recognized since the 1920s, and in the 1940s and 1950s the Topanga and La Jolla complexes were defined and included as geographic and temporal expressions of the Millingstone Horizon. 9,400 and 1,000 years ago, beginning and ending at dif- ferent times in dif ferent areas. What has been commonly known as the Millingstone Horizon in southern California represents a cultural phenomenon that occurred between ca. When studying early island sites, archaeologists need to excavate larger samples to effectively evaluate faunal and artifactual evidence for the importance of marine fishing and sea mammal hunting. The faunal remains are dominated by shellfish remains, but numerous bifaces from the site suggest a substantial investment in hunting activities not represented in midden samples. We examine human subsistence at CA-SMI-507, a ∼9,000-year-old shell midden where our test excavations and intensive surface collections recovered samples of artifacts and faunal debris. Faunal remains from most early Channel Island sites confirm this pattern, but most reconstructions have been based on small samples in which artifacts and vertebrate remains are often poorly represented. Along the mainland coast, fish, land mammals, sea mammals, and birds were all exploited by early foragers, but the dominance of shellfish and plant foods is supported by both faunal and artifact assemblages. ![]() Data from many early California shell middens suggest that shellfish and plant foods were economic staples that provided early coastal people with a balanced diet rich in calories and complete proteins. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |